D

D. receptors CED-1 (13) and INA-1 (14), respectively. CED-1 is definitely a single-path membrane protein comprising atypical EGF-like repeats in its extracellular region (13), and INA-1 is definitely a -subunit of integrins (14). CED-1 (15), integrins (16), and molecules that constitute the two signaling pathways (12, 17) seem to be evolutionally conserved among varieties including humans. This suggests the phylogenetic conservation of the mode of apoptotic cell clearance even though conservation of eat-me signals is yet to be identified. Integrins are phylogenetically conserved transmembrane receptors consisting of heterodimers of two subunits called and (18, 19). Eighteen -subunits and 8 -subunits exist in mammals and form heterodimers providing rise to 24 different integrins (18, 19). Integrins play important roles in a variety of biological phenomena by mediating cell-cell adhesion. In addition, integrins connect the extracellular matrix with the cytoskeleton and activate intracellular signaling pathways (18C20). Integrins are capable Omtriptolide of Omtriptolide inducing phagocytosis probably because of the ability to remodel the cytoskeleton, and focuses on for integrin-mediated phagocytosis include apoptotic cells and microorganisms (21, 22). This mechanism of action is sometimes exploited by microorganisms to gain entry into sponsor cells (22). We recently identified integrin , a -subunit of integrins, like a receptor involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in embryos (23). This subunit also induces the phagocytosis of by Omtriptolide hemocytes, recognizing peptidoglycan of this bacterium (24). You will find five -subunits, PS1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and two -subunits, PS and , for integrins (16, 25). The present study was carried out aiming at the recognition of an -subunit that cooperates with in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and bacteria. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Take flight Shares, Bacterial Strains, and Cell Tradition The following lines of were used: (Kyorin-Fly, Kyorin University or college Tokyo, Japan), (26), (National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan), (National Institute of Genetics), (National Institute of Genetics), (National Institute of Genetics), (National Institute of Genetics), (National Institute of Genetics), (Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Indiana University or college, Bloomington, IN), (Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center), (27) (Drosophila Genetic Resource Center, Kyoto, Japan), (a gift from S. Hayashi), (28), (a gift from M. J. Galko). To establish a fly collection for the manifestation of PS3 isoforms A and B inside a mutant, cDNA coding for PS3A or PS3B was prepared from RNA of and utilized for the mating with strain RN4220 was cultured at 30 C with Luria-Bertani medium. Bacteria were harvested at full growth, washed with PBS, and used in an assay for phagocytosis. GINGF The cell collection l(2)mbn, founded from larval hemocytes, was managed at 25 C with Schneider’s medium (Invitrogen), as explained previously (30). Antibodies The anti-integrin PS3 antibody was raised by immunizing rats with an extracellular region of Omtriptolide integrin PS3, related to the amino acid positions 235C284 with the amino terminus numbered 1, which had been indicated in like a protein fused to GST and purified to homogeneity. Generation and use of the anti-integrin (23), anti-Croquemort (30), and anti-Ced-6 (31) rat antibodies were reported previously. The anti-PS3 (32) and anti- (33) rabbit antibodies were provided by S. Hayashi and R. O. Hynes, respectively. Antigen specificity of the anti-PS3 rabbit antibody (supplemental Fig. S1) and the anti-PS3 rat antibody (supplemental Fig. S2) was confirmed in Western blotting. Chemical Cross-linking and Co-immunoprecipitation To examine the physical association of PS3 and , l(2)mbn cells were transfected with cDNA coding for the isoform B of PS3 and by lipofection (Cellfectin II; Invitrogen). The cells (5C7 107) were then incubated with Sulfo-NHS-SS-Diazirine (Thermo Fisher) (3 mm), an amine- and photo-reactive chemical cross-linker comprising a disulfide relationship for cleavage, for 10 min at space temp, supplemented with Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) at 0.17 m, and centrifuged. The producing cell pellets were washed three times with PBS, resuspended with PBS, and exposed to UV using a fluorescent light for 15 min at 4 C. The cells were collected by centrifugation, lysed having a buffer consisting of 20 mm Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mm NaCl, 1 mm EDTA, 1 mm EGTA, 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, and protease inhibitors (Nakalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan), and immunoprecipitated with the rat antibody (anti-PS3 or anti-). The precipitates were separated on a 6% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and subjected to Western blotting with the rabbit antibody.