Original magnification, x20 (Axiovert 100). profiles and the biological features of the tumor and the survival of individuals. Methods Melanoma cell lines were founded from medical specimens of AJCC stage III and IV melanoma individuals. Sphingolipid analysis was carried out on melanoma cell lines and melanocytes through cell metabolic labeling utilizing [3-3H]sphingosine and by FACS. N-glycolyl GM3 was recognized utilizing the 14?F7 antibody. Gene manifestation was assayed by Real Time PCR. Cell invasiveness was assayed through a Matrigel invasion assay; cell proliferation was identified through the smooth agar assay, MTT, and [3H] thymidine incorporation. Statistical analysis was performed using XLSTAT software for melanoma hierarchical clustering based on ganglioside profile, the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, and the Mantel-Haenszel test for survival analysis. Results Based on the ganglioside profiles, through a hierarchical clustering, we classified melanoma cells isolated from individuals into three clusters: 1) cluster 1, characterized by high content material of GM3, primarily in the form of N-glycolyl GM3, and GD3; 2) cluster 2, characterized by the appearance of complex gangliosides and by a low content of GM3; 3) cluster 3, which showed an intermediate phenotype between cluster 1 and cluster 3. Moreover, our data shown that: a) a correlation could HA15 be traced between individuals survival and clusters based on ganglioside profiles, with cluster 1 showing the worst survival; b) the manifestation of several enzymes (sialidase NEU3, GM2 and GM1 synthases) involved in ganglioside rate of metabolism was associated with individuals survival; c) melanoma clusters showed different malignant features such as growth in smooth agar, invasiveness, manifestation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Conclusions Ganglioside profile and rate of metabolism is definitely purely interconnected with melanoma aggressiveness. Therefore, the profiling of melanoma gangliosides and enzymes involved in their rate of metabolism could represent a useful prognostic and diagnostic tool. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-560) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. offers been shown to be highly indicated in human being melanoma cell lines [21]. Prompted by these data, we wanted to investigate the ganglioside rate of metabolism profile of metastatic melanoma cell lines founded from individuals. Our results shown that: a) HA15 melanomas displayed different ganglioside patterns and three clusters of tumors could be recognized; b) a correlation could be traced between individuals survival and melanoma ganglioside profiles; c) the manifestation of several enzymes involved in ganglioside rate of metabolism was associated with individuals survival; d) melanoma clusters recognized on the basis of ganglioside profile exhibited different features determining melanoma malignancy. Methods Cell ethnicities Melanoma cell lines were established from medical specimens of AJCC stage III and IV melanoma individuals admitted to Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan [22, 23]. Molecular and biological characterization of the cell lines has HA15 been reported previously [24]. All cell lines were maintained as explained [25]. All individuals were educated about the scope and methods and HA15 delivered a written educated consent for the use of the surgical samples to establish cell lines. The study was authorized by the Ethics Committee of the University or college of Milan and was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Clones 2/14 and 2/21 were isolated from Rabbit polyclonal to ABCG5 a single human being metastatic melanoma cell collection, as explained [26, 27]. NHEM-Ad and NHEM-Neo were purchased by Lonza (Basel, Switzerland) and PromoCell (Heidelberg, Germany), and managed in mMGM-4 medium (Lonza). Sphingolipid analysis Sphingolipid analysis was carried out through cell metabolic labeling with [3-3H]sphingosine (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) [28]. In order to assay the hypothesis that Neu5Gc-glicans could be incorporated from your culture medium and then employed for the synthesis of GM3, before [3-3H]sphingosine labeling, melanoma L6 cells were pre-incubated in the reduced-serum medium OptiMEM (Existence Technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 5?days. Ganglioside and neutral sphingolipid extracts were analyzed by HPTLC carried out with the solvent systems chloroform/methanol/0.2% CaCl2 55:45:6 (v/v) and chloroform/methanol/water 110:40:6 (v/v), respectively. To separate Neu5Gc-GM3 from Neu5Ac-GM3, HPTLC was carried out using the solvent system chloroform/methanol/0.2% CaCl2/5?N NH3 50:42:6:4 (v/v). The sphingolipid pattern was identified and quantified by radiochromatoscanning (Betaimager 2000, Biospace, Paris, France) [28, 29]. Endogenous sphingolipid analysis performed to standardize metabolic labeling was performed as previously explained [30]. Ganglioside requirements were kindly given by Prof. Sonnino, University or college of Milan. Immunostaining of HPTLC After the chromatographic separation of gangliosides, the plates were soaked in acetone plus 0.1% polyisobutylmethacrylate. After drying and obstructing with PBS-4% milk, the plates were incubated with 5?g/ml of anti-Neu5Gc-GM3 murine 14?F7 antibody [31, 32], overnight, and, then, having a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The reaction was stained.